Klein 2003 Samples from English Cultures.v1.The Sociology of Culture, Sociology
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The International Library of Sociology
THE SOCIOLOGY OF CULTURE
In 9 Volumes
I
The Cultural Background of Personality
Linton
II
Dance in Society
Rust
III
Homo Ludens
Huizinga
IV
Samples from English Cultures
Part One: Three Preliminary Studies
Klein
V
Samples from English Cultures
Part Two: Child-Rearing Practices
Klein
VI
Societies in the Making
Jennings
VII The Sociology of Literary Taste
Schucking
VIII The Sociology of Music
Silbermann
IX
Towards a Sociology of the Cinema
Jarvie
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
page
ix
Section One
THREE PRELIMINARY STUDIES
1. ‘BRANCH STREET’ 1944–49
3
Infants and toddlers
6
Childhood
13
Schooldays
24
Adolescence, courtship and marriage
32
2. ‘SHIP STREET’ 1956
41
The environment of Ship Street
41
Group relations
49
The household
54
The formation of the individual personality
57
Adolescence, courtship and marriage
67
3. ‘ASHTON’ 1956
74
Some effects of living at risk: freedom
77
the contractual attitude
80
the taboo on tenderness
83
Cognitive poverty
87
The men at work
96
The men’s leisure-time groups
103
Men and women
106
Husbands and wives
109
The children
113
Section Two
ASPECTS OF ADULT LIFE IN ENGLAND
4. ASPECTS OF TRADITIONAL WORKING-CLASS LIFE
121
Sources
122
The social network and the perpetuation of tradition
126
The network: friends, neighbours, kin
131
v
Contents
Adolescence: a brief flowering period
page
142
Sex, courtship and the home
146
Husbands and wives: early days
155
role-expectations
161
the division of labour
165
Husbands, wives and children
179
Husbands, their wives and their mothers-in-law: the Demeter-
system 185
The splash 193
The attitude to money 196
Respectability and the striving after standards 198
In-group/out-group relations 201
Formal associations 206
Mum as mediator between ‘us’ and ‘them’: tradition and change 215
5. ASPECTS OF CHANGE IN WORKING-CLASS LIFE 219
Economic changes 222
Changes in the level of interaction and in network-connectedness 225
Changes in norms 232
Status-assent and status-dissent 238
The creation of new norms:
(a)
The social comparison process 246
(b)
Roughs and respectables
253
(c)
The individual individual
269
(d)
Formal associations
277
(e)
The home-centred family
283
(f)
The disappearance of the stress
syndrome and the emergence of
partnership
288
(g)
‘We’re different with our boy:
we make more of a mate of him’ 299
6. ASPECTS OF MIDDLE-CLASS LIFE
Introductory
303
Woodford
326
Parents and adult children in more loose-knit social networks
331
Conjugal relations in more loose-knit social networks
335
Friends and neighbours in more loose-knit social networks
343
Top professionals
352
First-generation top businessmen
375
Executives: the rational-legal attitude
378
The concept of relative deprivation
394
The black-coated worker: (1) The relatively deprived
398
(2) The relatively privileged
411
The middle-class manual worker
420
APPENDIX: Sociological categories for social differences
430
vi
Contents
Section Three
(in Volume Two)
CHILD-REARING PRACTICES
Attitudes to conception
page
439
The earliest days: indulgence and food 443
The onset of stricter demands 448
Indulgence and strictness: theories and definitions 452
Social class and child-rearing: one extreme 457
Age-grading, strictness and indulgence periods 464
Parental discipline and the control of behaviour 475
Cognitive aspects of socialization: basic theory 487
the control of behaviour 500
achievement-motivation 506
Arbitrary socialization techniques and the problem-solving approach 517
Authoritarianism and traditional English attitudes
526
Changes in attitude
537
Traditional strictness, social change and parental uncertainty
544
Reactions to uncertainty: laissez-faire
552
restrictiveness
556
dominant mothers and retiring fathers
565
Social aspirations, relative deprivation and parental over-concern
576
Parental care and aspirations for achievement: a survey
585
Successful socialization for high achievement
604
Social class and child-rearing: the privileged extreme
611
SUMMARY REVIEW AND CONCLUSIONS
631
BIBLIOGRAPHY
637
INDEX
651
vii
INTRODUCTION
IT was my purpose, when I started to write this book, to compare
and contrast current patterns of living in England, in such a way
that similarities and differences might offer themselves for further
investigation or for incorporation into theory. At the time, it
seemed to me that English urban sociology and social psychology
were becoming increasingly handicapped by the lack of attention
given to differences between different geographical regions and
different social classes. This lack is now being supplied by a
number of social scientists, and the present work is intended to
further the same purpose.
In practice, I found it difficult to strike a correct balance between
fact and theory, and difficult also to select, from the heap of
unorganized data, those facts which would be most representative
of the ways of life under consideration. In the early stages of the
writing, I had the title
Patterns of English Culture
in mind, to
point the resemblance of this book, in aspiration at least, to Ruth
Benedict’s classic
Patterns of Culture.
It soon became clear, however,
that this was altogether too ambitious a project. The sub-cultures
with which I was concerned shared too many culture traits and
were not static enough to merit the title
Pattern
in the sense in
which Benedict used the word. Moreover, in any single one of the
sub-cultures under consideration, too many of the data were missing
which would be needed to display a pattern convincingly, or perhaps
I was too close to them to be able to perceive it.
Thus it was that I came to the present title, which stands for a
work less ambitious in scope. I have taken a sample here and
there from the total array of culture traits displayed by present-
day English society. The
Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
defines a sample as
a relatively small quantity of material or an
individual object from which the quality of the mass, group,
ix
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